Proportions of trans fatty acids in erythrocyte of Canadian adults before the prohibition of partially hydrogenated oils in foods: results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2012-2015.

BACKGROUND: The partially hydrogenated oil (PHO) prohibition came into effect in Canada in September 2018 to reduce the intakes of total trans fatty acids (t-TFAs) and industrially produced TFAs (i-TFAs). OBJECTIVES: We aimed to estimate the red blood cell (RBC) proportions of t-TFA (primary objective) and total 18:1 TFA (secondary objective) of adults in Canada before the PHO prohibition and to identify the population subgroups at risk of higher TFA intakes. METHODS: We pooled data from 4025 adult participants of the cross-sectional Canadian Health Measures Survey cycles 3 and 4 (2012-2015). We estimated mean proportions, relative to total fatty acids (FAs), of RBC t-TFA and 18:1 TFA and their associations with sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle characteristics using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: The nonadjusted mean RBC proportions of t-TFA and total 18:1 TFA were 0.59% (95% CI: 0.54, 0.63) and 0.27% (95% CI: 0.25, 0.29), respectively. In the adjusted models, the same participant characteristics were associated with t-TFA and 18:1 TFA but differences were generally smaller for 18:1 TFA than for t-TFA. Race, BMI, and alcohol intake were independently associated with RBC t-TFA and 18:1 TFA. Asian and Black participants had lower RBC t-TFA (-0.05% and -0.10% of total FA, respectively) than White participants. Obesity and high risk alcohol drinking were associated with slightly lower (≤0.06%) t-TFA proportions than lower adiposity and alcohol intake concentrations, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-PHO prohibition in food in Canada, t-TFA proportions were relatively low compared with a proposed threshold of 1% of total RBC FAs, over which cardiovascular disease risk may be higher. Previous voluntary initiatives to reduce i-TFA in the food supply may explain these relatively low RBC t-TFA concentrations. Some population subgroups had higher baseline RBC TFA than other subgroups, but the physiological implications of these small differences, at relatively low baseline RBC TFA proportions, remain to be determined.

Characterization of the evolution of free radicals and TALAs in linseed oil during heat treatment.

Various studies have demonstrated that employing ESR spin trapping to detect free radicals yields valuable insights into the vulnerability of bulk oils to oxidation. Consequently, this method can be employed to assess and compare the oxidative stability of different samples. This study was conducted to investigate the production and transformation of free radicals and trans isomers in linseed oil when subjected to different temperatures and durations of heating. These analyses revealed that the peak levels of free radicals PBN adducts were evident in linseed oil heated to 120 °C, while these levels decreased within 90 min and were absent at a higher temperature of 180 °C. Free radical PBN adducts were readily degraded at 180 °C. Levels of heat-induced trans isomers rose in linseed oil samples with rising temperatures but began to degrade at temperatures exceeding 240 °C partially. The content examination of these trans isomers revealed that the double bonds located at positions 9 and 15 exhibited a higher susceptibility to isomerization compared to the double bond at position 12. Furthermore, the values of k and Ea indicated that the synthesis of tri-trans-α-linolenic acid (TALAs) was more challenging compared to double-TALAs, and double-TALAs were more challenging than single-TALAs. This was because the tri-TALAs has a higher Ea value than the mono-TALAs and double-TALAs. The study has demonstrated that subjecting linseed oil to high-temperature heating leads to the production of free radicals and trans isomers. And PBN radical adduct is unstable at 180 °C and the double bonds at positions 9 and 15 could be isomerized more easily than that at position 12. These results indicated that controlling the formation of free radicals and single-TALAs isomers may be the key way to reduce the trans isomers of linolenic acid during cooking oil heating. In the follow-up study, we found that VE, VK3, ethyl caffeic acid and resveratrol had significant inhibitory effects on the formation of TALAs of linolenic acid, and the highest inhibitory rate of resveratrol with 5% addition could be reached to 30.86%. The above substances can be applied to the thermal processing of linseed oil to prevent the formation of TALAs.

Industrially produced trans-fatty acids are potent promoters of DNA damage-induced apoptosis.

trans-Fatty acids (TFAs) are unsaturated fatty acids harboring at least one carbon-carbon double bond in trans configuration, which are categorized into two groups according to their origin: industrial and ruminant TFAs, hereafter called iTFAs and rTFAs, respectively. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown a specific link of iTFAs to various diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, there is little evidence for underlying mechanisms that can explain the specific toxicity of iTFAs, and how to mitigate their toxicity. Herein, we show that iTFAs, including elaidic acid (EA) and linoelaidic acid, but not rTFAs, facilitate apoptosis induced by doxorubicin (Dox), triggering DNA double-strand breaks. We previously established that EA promotes Dox-induced apoptosis by accelerating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. Consistently, iTFAs specifically enhanced Dox-induced JNK activation. Furthermore, Dox-induced pro-apoptotic signaling by iTFAs was blocked in the presence of oleic acid (OA), the geometrical cis isomer of EA. These results demonstrate that iTFAs specifically exert their toxicity during DNA damage-induced apoptosis, which could be effectively suppressed by OA. Our study provides evidence for understanding the difference in toxic actions between TFA species, and for new strategies to prevent and combat TFA-related diseases.

Effects of Different Frying Oils Composed of Various Fatty Acids on the Formation of Multiple Hazards in Fried Pork Balls.

Oil oxidation products can react with food substrates to produce harmful substances, and oil saturation is closely related to oil oxidation in the process of frying. Therefore, the influence of the composition of fatty acids in oil on the formation of harmful substances in fried pork balls was explored. The five frying oils with the lowest unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content, ranked in ascending order, were palm oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, corn oil, and colza oil (64.94%, 79.94%, 82.65%, 83.07%, and 92.26%, respectively). The overall levels of four harmful substances (acrylamide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, and trans fatty acids) found in the oil used to fry pork balls followed a descending order: canola oil, corn oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, and palm oil (33.66 µg/kg, 27.17 µg/kg, 23.45 µg/kg, 18.67 µg/kg, and 13.19 µg/kg, respectively). This order was generally consistent with the trend in the content of UFAs. Therefore, the formation of harmful substances is closely related to the saturation of oil. Compared with other frying oils, soybean oil as a household oil produces relatively low amounts of harmful substances and has less negative impact on the quality (oil content, moisture content, and higher protein digestibility) of fried products.

Physicochemical properties and feasibility of coconut oil-based diacylglycerol as an alternative fat for healthy non-dairy creamer.

Non-dairy creamers have been widely used for coffee whitening and texture improvement. To avoid the intake of trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated oil, coconut oil-based diacylglycerol (CO-DAG) was applied in non-dairy creamer as core material. In this study, effects of DAG content (30, 50, 70, 90%) on the characteristics of CO-DAG were evaluated, including rheological and thermodynamic properties. The CO-DAG with a content of 50% exhibited a wide plastic range and contained mixture of ß and ß' polymorphic forms. Using CO-DAG (50%) as core material, the physicochemical properties of non-dairy creamer were characterized and compared with commercial products. The results indicated that CO-DAG-based non-dairy creamers showed similar encapsulation efficiency (92.74%) and thermal stability to commercial products. Furthermore, CO-DAG-based non-dairy creamer showed higher whiteness index (54.20) than commercial non-dairy creamers (50.22) when applied to black coffee. Overall, it is anticipated that CO-DAG-based non-dairy creamers have great potentials in coffee whitening.

Amelioration of oxidative kidney damage in offspring by maternal trans-fatty acid exposure in mice by secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. / äºšéº»æœ¨é šç´ å¯¹æ¯é¼ åå¼è„‚è‚ªé ¸æš´éœ²è‡´å­ä»£è‚¾æ°§åŒ–æŸä¼¤çš„ä¿æŠ¤ä½œç”¨.

OBJECTIVES: Trans-fatty acids (TFAs), primarily derived from the food industry's production processes, have become a globally recognized public health issue due to the detrimental impact they have on human well-being. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is a polyphenolic compound derived from flax lignans, possessing antioxidative properties. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of SDG on kidney oxidative damage in offspring of mice caused by maternal exposure to TFA during pregnancy and lactation. METHODS: A total of 30 c57BL/6 female rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: a control group, a TFA-exposed group, a low-(TFA+LSDG) group, a medium-(TFA+MSDG) group, and a high-(TFA+HSDG) group (n=6 in each group). With the exception of the control group, the maternal mice in the remaining 4 groups received a daily oral gavage of TFA at a dosage of 60 mg/(kg·BW) throughout the experimental period. The mothers in the control group were administered physiological saline via oral gavage once daily. Meanwhile, the 3 SDG intervention groups were provided with ad libitum access to SDG feed containing 10 mg/kg (low), 20 mg/kg (medium), and 30 mg/kg (high) of SDG. The female mice were conceived overnight. If the vaginal plug appeared in the next morning, the female mice were conceived and included in the experimental stage until the end of the 21th day lactation period. The body weight and kidney mass of offspring were recorded, and the kidney coefficient was calculated. The kidney was detected by HE staining to observe the histopathological changes, and the level of reactive oxidative species (ROS) was detected by fluorescence probe-dihydroethidium (DHE) staining; the expression levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in renal homogenate were detected, and the expression of nuclear factor E2-related fator2 (Nrf2) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were detected by real-time PCR, and the protein expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), Nrf2 and HO-1 were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the kidney coefficient in the TFA-exposed group was increased, the morphology and structure of kidney tissue was abnormal; the activity of T-SOD enzyme was decreased, and the content of MDA was increased, the level of ROS was increased; the expressions of Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx1 protein were decreased, and the mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were decreased, there were all significant difference (all P<0.05). Compared with the TFA-exposed group, the ROS levels were reduced, and the T-SOD enzyme activity as well as the protein expression of Cu/Zn-SOD, GPx-1, Mn-SOD, Nrf2 and HO-1 were up-regulated in the low, middle and high dose SDG intervention groups; the kidney coefficient and MDA content were decreased in the middle and high dose SDG groups; the Nrf2 mRNA expression in the high dose SDG group was up-regulated, there were all significant difference (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal exposure to TFA during pregnancy and lactation can lead to oxidative damage in the kidney of offspring, and the SDG intervention may alleviate TFA-induced oxidative damage by up-regulating the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 signal pathway.

Positive associations between different circulating trans fatty acids (TFAs) and urinary albumin excretion among adults in the U.S.: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: It is well established that the consumption of trans-fatty acids (TFAs) can increase the incidence of total mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. However, there are still no demographic studies on the effects of circulating TFA isoforms on the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), an early marker of chronic kidney disease. Our goal was to explore the possible relationships between TFAs and ACR. METHODS: In this study, complete TFAs and urinary ACR data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2009-2010 and 1999-2000 cycles). The independent linear relationships between different circulating TFA isoforms and the ACR were examined by performing multivariable linear regression models. Machine learning was used to analyze the contribution of the different TFA isoforms to the ACR. To assess the nonlinearity of the relationship, smooth curve fitting and an analysis of threshold effect were performed, and a stratified analysis was conducted to identify possible susceptible populations. RESULTS: Our analysis included a total of 3785 individuals. Elaidic acid, linolelaidic acid, and sum TFAs were shown to be positively associated with the ACR after full adjustment by weighted multivariable regression analysis. In the subgroup analysis, the positive associations were maintained in participants with hypertension and without diabetes. In the XGBoost model of the ACR, Sum TFAs were found to be the most crucial factor. In addition, smooth curve fitting showed that there was a nonlinear relationship between the different TFAs and the ACR, and there was a saturation point. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that TFA isoforms were positively and independently correlated with urinary albumin excretion, especially in participants with hypertension and without diabetes. This suggested that reducing trans fatty acid intake may reduce the risk of renal events.

Major dietary lipids in nutrition and health.

In this chapter, an overview of the major lipids in the diet with emphasis in nutritional aspects is provided. Triacylglycerols, i.e., glycerol esterified with three fatty acids, are the predominant constituents in dietary lipids. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the nature and nutritional significance of the main fatty acids in the diet and their possible modifications during food processing and commercialization. The main fatty acids in dietary lipids are grouped into saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutritional implications, the latest intervention trials and health recommendations will be discussed. A brief description of the major sources of lipids in the diet is included, oils and fats standing out. Other food sources shortly commented are milk and dairy products, meat, poultry and eggs, fish, and structured lipids designed to improve functional and nutritional properties. Modifications of fatty acids as a result of processing and commercialization are discussed because of their great relevance for their health implications, especially oxidation compounds and trans fatty acids.

Geometrical isomerization of arachidonic acid during lipid peroxidation interferes with ferroptosis.

Geometrical mono-trans isomers of arachidonic acid (mtAA) are endogenous products of free radical-induced cis-trans double bond isomerization occurring to natural fatty acids during cell metabolism, including lipid peroxidation (LPO). Very little is known about the functional roles of mtAA and in general on the effects of mono-trans isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mtPUFA) in various types of programmed cell death, including ferroptosis. Using HT1080 and MEF cell cultures, supplemented with 20 µM PUFA (i.e., AA, EPA or DHA) and their mtPUFA congeners, ferroptosis occurred in the presence of RSL3 (a direct inhibitor of glutathione peroxidase 4) only with the PUFA in their natural cis configuration, whereas mtPUFA showed an anti-ferroptotic effect. By performing the fatty acid-based membrane lipidome analyses, substantial differences emerged in the membrane fatty acid remodeling of the two different cell fates. In particular, during ferroptosis mtPUFA formation and their incorporation, together with the enrichment of SFA, occurred. This opens new perspectives in the role of the membrane composition for a ferroptotic outcome. While pre-treatment with AA promoted cell death for treatment with H2O2 and RSL3, mtAA did not. Cell death by AA supplementation was suppressed also in the presence of either ferroptosis inhibitors, such as the lipophilic antioxidant ferrostatin-1, or NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitors, including diphenyleneiodonium chloride and apocynin. Our results confirm a more complex scenario for ferroptosis than actually believed. While LPO processes are active, the importance of environmental lipid levels, balance among SFA, MUFA and PUFA in lipid pools and formation of mtPUFA influence the membrane phospholipid turnover, with crucial effects in the occurrence of cell death by ferroptosis.

Comparison of Plasma Metabolome Response to Diets Enriched in Soybean and Partially-Hydrogenated Soybean Oil in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Adults-A Pilot Study.

Partially-hydrogenated fat/trans fatty acid intake has been associated with adverse effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. Comparatively unexplored is the effect of unmodified oil relative to partially-hydrogenated fat on the plasma metabolite profile and lipid-related pathways. To address this gap, we conducted secondary analyses using a subset of samples randomly selected from a controlled dietary intervention trial involving moderately hypercholesterolemic individuals. Participants (N = 10, 63 ± 8 y, BMI, 26.2 ± 4.2 kg/m2, LDL-C, 3.9 ± 0.5 mmol/L) were provided with diets enriched in soybean oil (SO) and partially-hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO). Plasma metabolite concentrations were determined using an untargeted approach and pathway analysis using LIPIDMAPS. Data were assessed using a volcano plot, receiver operating characteristics curve, partial least square-discrimination analysis and Pearson correlations. Among the known metabolites higher in plasma after the PHSO diet than the SO diet, the majority were phospholipids (53%) and di- and triglycerides (DG/TG, 34%). Pathway analysis indicated upregulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis from DG and phosphatidylethanolamine. We identified seven metabolites (TG_56:9, TG_54:8, TG_54:7, TG_54:6, TG_48:5, DG_36:5 and benproperine) as potential biomarkers for PHSO intake. These data indicate that TG-related metabolites were the most affected lipid species, and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis was the most active pathway in response to PHSO compared to SO intake.

Association between plasma trans fatty acids and chronic periodontitis: Results from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Trans fatty acid (TFA) consumption has been reported to harbor proinflammatory characteristics and increasing oxidative stress properties, but there has been little research into its association with periodontitis. This study aimed to explore the potential association between TFAs and periodontitis. METHODS: This large population-based study included participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009-2010). Weighted binary and ordinal logistic regressions were used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to evaluate the relationship between plasma TFAs and periodontitis. RESULTS: A total of 1433 eligible participants, 793 (55.3%) participants with periodontitis and 640 (44.7%) without periodontitis were included. Univariate logistic regression revealed significant associations between plasma trans-11-octadecenoic acid, trans-9-octadecenoic acid, the sum of trans-octadecenoic acids, and the sum of TFAs and periodontitis (all P < 0.01). After controlling for the potential confounders, these four types of TFAs remained significantly associated with periodontitis (the ORs and 95% CIs per interquartile range increase were 1.16 (1.01-1.33), 1.20 (1.03-1.39), 1.18 (1.02-1.35), and 1.17 (1.01-1.35), respectively). Notably, these positive associations were more pronounced among overweight/obese populations. Additionally, plasma trans-9-octadecenoic acid levels were found to be associated with periodontitis severity. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a significant positive association between certain plasma TFAs and chronic periodontitis, especially among overweight/obese populations. These findings provide new insights into periodontitis prevention from a dietary perspective.

Industrially produced trans fat and saturated fat content of food products in Jamaica.

Objective: To estimate industrially produced trans and saturated fatty acid levels in foods within the Jamaican food system. Methods: A total of 308 commonly consumed foods were selected for analysis based on their potential to contain trans fatty acids. Samples were collected from supermarkets, convenience stores, and fast-food restaurants. Official methods of gas chromatography for the analysis of fats were used. The results were expressed as grams of fatty acid per 100 g of food sample and percentage of total fatty acids. Results: Total fat was found to exceed United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS) limits in 27.3% (n = 84/308) of food samples. About one-third (33.8%; n = 104/308) of commonly consumed foods in Jamaica contained varying levels of industrially produced trans fatty acids, while 7.8% exceeded the Pan American Health Organization limit of 2% of total fat. Industrially produced trans fatty acids were found in food categories such as canned meats, baked goods, cooking oils, condiments, breakfast cereals, desserts, dairy, spreads, snacks, and confectionery. The subcategories coconut oils and burgers had the highest mean content. Canned food, infant food, and pasta categories had no trans fat present. Saturated fats were found in almost all foods. Importantly, 32.5% (n = 100/308) of the foods had saturated fat concentrations higher than the NHS limit of 5 g per 100 g of food. Most of the food items with high levels of industrially produced trans fatty acids also contained high levels of saturated fats. Conclusions: Food products in Jamaica contain varying levels of fats that exceeded recommendations which support healthy consumption. Further exploration and reformulation efforts are needed to ensure that nutritional qualities are improved.

C57bl/6 Mice Show Equivalent Taste Preferences toward Ruminant and Industrial Trans Fatty Acids.

Two distinct types of trans fatty acids (TFA) are found in the diet. Industrial TFA such as elaidic acid (EA) have deleterious effects on metabolic risk factors, and oppositely ruminant TFA including trans-palmitoleic acid (TPA) may have beneficial effects. The objective is to evaluate the taste preference between EA, TPA, lecithin or water. In this study, 24 female C57BL/6 mice were microchipped and placed in two separate IntelliCages®. Nano encapsulated TFA or lecithin were added to drinking water in different corners of the cage with normal diet. The study was carried out over 5 weeks, during which mice were exposed to water only (weeks 1 and 3), TFA or lecithin (week 2), and EA or TPA (weeks 4 and 5). Mice weights, corner visits, nose pokes (NP), and lick number were measured each week. The results demonstrated that mice consume more TFA, either EA or TPA, compared with lecithin. In addition, the mice licked more EA compared with TPA in one cage; conversely, in the other cage they licked more TPA compared with EA. However, when TFA positions were swapped, mice had equal licks for EA and TPA. In sum, mice preferred TFA, in equal matter compared with controls; therefore, the results demonstrate the potential for TFA-type substitution in diet.

Presence of trans-Fatty Acids Containing Ingredients in Pre-Packaged Foods and the Availability of Reported trans-Fat Levels in Kenya and Nigeria.

In most African countries, the prevalence of industrially produced trans-fatty acids (iTFA) in the food supply is unknown. We estimated the number and proportion of products containing specific (any hydrogenated edible oils) and non-specific (vegetable fat, margarine, and vegetable cream) ingredients potentially indicative of iTFAs among pre-packaged foods collected in Kenya and Nigeria. We also summarized the number and proportion of products that reported trans-fatty acids levels and the range of reported trans-fatty acids levels. In total, 99 out of 5668 (1.7%) products in Kenya and 310 out of 6316 (4.9%) products in Nigeria contained specific ingredients indicative of iTFAs. Bread and bakery products and confectioneries in both countries had the most foods that contained iTFAs-indicative ingredients. A total of 656 products (12%) in Kenya and 624 products (10%) in Nigeria contained non-specific ingredients that may indicate the presence of iTFAs. The reporting of levels of trans-fatty acids was low in both Kenya and Nigeria (11% versus 26%, respectively, p < 0.001). With the increasing burden of ischemic heart disease in Kenya and Nigeria, the rapid adoption of WHO best-practice policies and the mandatory declaration of trans-fatty acids are important for eliminating iTFAs.

Plasma Trans Fatty Acids Concentrations Are Inversely Related to Bone Mineral Density and This Appears to Be Independent of Inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between plasma trans fatty acids (TFAs) and bone mineral density (BMD) and risk of fracture among US adults. Furthermore, we have evaluated the impact of inflammation on this relationship. METHODS: Participants (the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) with measured data on BMD and TFAs were included. TFAs were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and BMD was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry densitometers. RESULTS: Of the 4022 eligible participants, 48.1% were men. The mean age of the population sample was 44.6 years. In the model adjusted for age, sex, race, education, income, physical activity, smoking, fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, diabetes, and hypertension, across the increasing quartiles (Q) of individual plasma TFAs, BMD decreased for most of the sites measure: for example, Q1 vs. Q4 1.04 vs. 0.095 g/cm2 for palmitelaidic acid and 1.11 vs. 0.099 g/cm2 for elaidic acid (all p < 0.001). In models using the same adjustment, linear regression displayed a significant negative association between plasma TFAs and BMD for most of the sites measured (all p < 0.001). Moderation analysis revealed that inflammation [assessed as a serum C-reactive protein (CRP)] was not significantly implicated in the relationship between BMD and TFAs. There was no significant difference in percentage of fractures (hip, spine, wrist) observed across quartiles of plasma TFAs (all p > 0.125). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight, for the first time, the potentially detrimental impact of plasma TFAs on bone health that does not appear to be moderated through inflammation.

Trans-fatty acid blood levels of industrial but not natural origin are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in patients with HFpEF: a secondary analysis of the Aldo-DHF trial.

BACKGROUND: Industrially processed trans-fatty acids (IP-TFA) have been linked to altered lipoprotein metabolism, inflammation and increased NT-proBNP. In patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), associations of TFA blood levels with patient characteristics are unknown. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of the Aldo-DHF-RCT. From 422 patients, individual blood TFA were analyzed at baseline in n = 404 using the HS-Omega-3-Index® methodology. Patient characteristics were: 67 ± 8 years, 53% female, NYHA II/III (87/13%), ejection fraction ≥ 50%, E/e' 7.1 ± 1.5; NT-proBNP 158 ng/L (IQR 82-298). A principal component analysis was conducted but not used for further analysis as cumulative variance for the first two PCs was low. Spearman's correlation coefficients as well as linear regression analyses, using sex and age as covariates, were used to describe associations of whole blood TFA with metabolic phenotype, functional capacity, echocardiographic markers for LVDF and neurohumoral activation at baseline and after 12 months. RESULTS: Blood levels of the naturally occurring TFA C16:1n-7t were inversely associated with dyslipidemia, body mass index/truncal adiposity, surrogate markers for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and inflammation at baseline/12 months. Conversely, IP-TFA C18:1n9t, C18:2n6tt and C18:2n6tc were positively associated with dyslipidemia and isomer C18:2n6ct with dysglycemia. C18:2n6tt and C18:2n6ct were inversely associated with submaximal aerobic capacity at baseline/12 months. No significant association was found between TFA and cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS: In HFpEF patients, higher blood levels of IP-TFA, but not naturally occurring TFA, were associated with dyslipidemia, dysglycemia and lower functional capacity. Blood TFAs, in particular C16:1n-7t, warrant further investigation as prognostic markers in HFpEF. Higher blood levels of industrially processed TFA, but not of the naturally occurring TFA C16:1n-7t, are associated with a higher risk cardiometabolic phenotype and prognostic of lower aerobic capacity in patients with HFpEF.

Fatty acids: facts vs. fiction.

During the last 100 years official dietary guidelines have recommended an increased consumption of fats derived from seeds while decreasing the consumption of traditional fats, especially saturated fats. These recommendations are being challenged by recent studies. Furthermore, the increased use of refining processes in fat production had deleterious health effects. Today, the number of high-quality studies on fatty acids is large enough to make useful recommendations on clinical application and everyday practice. Saturated fats have many beneficial functions and palmitic acid appears to be problematic only when it is synthesized due to excess fructose consumption. Trans fatty acids were shown to be harmful when they are manmade but beneficial when of natural origin. Conjugated linoleic acid has many benefits but the isomer mix that is available in supplement form differs from its natural origin and may better be avoided. The ω3 fatty acid linolenic acid has rather limited use as an anti-inflammatory agent - a fact that is frequently overlooked. On the other hand, the targeted use of long chain ω3 fatty acids based on blood analysis has great potential to supplement or even be an alternative to various pharmacological therapies. At the same time ω6 fatty acids like linoleic acid and arachidonic acid have important physiological functions and should not be avoided but their consumption needs to be balanced with long chain ω3 fatty acids. The quality and quantity of these fats together with appropriate antioxidative protection are critical for their positive health effects.

New research development on trans fatty acids in food: Biological effects, analytical methods, formation mechanism, and mitigating measures.

The trans fatty acids (TFAs) in food are mainly generated from the ruminant animals (meat and milk) and processed oil or oil products. Excessive intake of TFAs (>1% of total energy intake) caused more than 500,000 deaths from coronary heart disease and increased heart disease risk by 21% and mortality by 28% around the world annually, which will be eliminated in industrially-produced trans fat from the global food supply by 2023. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the biological effects, analytical methods, formation and mitigation measures of TFAs in food. Especially, the research progress on the rapid, easy-to-use, and newly validated analytical methods, new formation mechanism, kinetics, possible mitigation mechanism, and new or improved mitigation measures are highlighted. We also offer perspectives on the challenges, opportunities, and new directions for future development, which will contribute to the advances in TFAs research.

Validity and reproducibility of the intake of trans-fatty acids estimated using a FFQ and characteristics of trans-fatty acid intake of the Japanese population: the JPHC FFQ Validation Study.

We aimed to validate a method for assessing trans-fatty acid (TFA) intake in the Japanese population using the FFQ developed in the 1990s from a prospective study that was based on the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Cohort Study. For FFQ validation, we included 565 participants (Cohort I: n 215, Cohort II: n 350) aged 40-69 years. We used a 28-d dietary record (DR) over 1 year and two FFQ administered before and after DR assessment. We calculated total TFA intake, TFA from industrial oils (i-TFA) and TFA from ruminants (r-TFA) considering a database of measurements obtained mainly from Japan. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (CC) were computed for validity and reproducibility. Energy adjustments were applied using two methods considering the TFA measurement: density method for TFA % of total energy and residual method for TFA g/d. The total TFA intake (% of the total energy intake) was 0·08-0·76 % (median, 0·27-0·37 %) in DR of both cohorts and was 0·00-1·13 % (median, 0·30-0·40 %) in FFQ. The i-TFA accounted for approximately 50 % of the total TFA intake in DR and approximately 40 % in FFQ. For total TFA (% of the total energy intake), CC were 0·54-0·69, and weighted κ coefficients were 0·88-0·92 for both cohorts. The de-attenuated CC was 0·46-0·62 for i-TFA (g/d) and 0·57-0·68 for r-TFA (g/d). Our study showed that the validity and reproducibility of TFA intake estimation using the FFQ were reasonable, suggesting its suitability among the Japanese population with low-TFA intake.